¶翻译

• 长难句：
  • “最xxx”：带有性质的这个分句为主句，时间/地点等为状语/分句
    • 例1：春节是中国农历年的岁首（分），是最隆重的传统节日（主）。
      • The Spring Festival is China’s most important traditional festival that falls on the first day of the first lunar month.
  • 没有明确物体主语：用被动句
    • 例1：但其实中国古代在天文、数学、中医等方面也取得了巨大的成就。（没有明确的主语，用“中国古代“作为主语不正确）
      • However, in ancient China, great achievements were also made in astronomy, mathematics, traditional Chinese medicine and so on.
  • 在“例如”句中的列举项：尽可能用动名词短语来代替动词短语
    • 例1：春节的习俗很多，如放鞭炮、贴春联、拜大年、吃饺子等。
      • There are many customs observed during this festival such as burning firecrackers, pasting Spring Festival couplets, paying New Year visits, eating dumplings, etc.

中国传统文化概况

¶写在前面

• 争取做有效的笔记

Overview

• China is a vast land with various landforms, different climate zones and a large number of rivers and lakes.

  中国幅员辽阔，地形多样，气候带不同，江河湖泊众多。

• As one of the four oldest recorded civilizations in the world, China has a long history without being interrupted.

  中国是世界四大文明古国之一，历史源远流长，从未中断。

• From ancient times till now, Chinese people, consisting of the Han and other ethnic groups, have been living on the vast land, creating and developing her unique culture.

  从古代到现在，中国人民，包括汉族和其他民族，一直生活在广阔的土地上，创造和发展她独特的文化。

基本就是一些中国中国传统文化的概况

¶A Glimpse of Chinese culture

¶National Day

• The Chinese celebrate 1 October as the National Day in honour of the founding of the People’s Republic of China(PRC) on 1 October 1949.

  中国人庆祝10月1日为国庆节，以纪念1949年10月1日中华人民共和国的成立。

¶National Flag

• On 27 September 1949, the CPPCC (中国人民政治协商会议) approved the proposal for using the Five-Starred Red Flag as the National Flag of the PRC.

  1949年9月27日，中国人民政治协商会议通过了关于使用五星红旗作为中华人民共和国国旗的建议。

• The red colour of the flag symbolizes revolution and the yellow colour of the stars the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land.

  国旗的红色象征着革命，星星的黄色象征着从广袤的红色土地上放射出的金色光芒。

• The design of four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one signifies the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC).

  四颗小星星围绕着一颗大星星的设计，象征着中国共产党领导下的中国人民的团结。

¶National Emblem

国徽

• Composed of patterns of the National Flag, the Tian’anmen Gate, a cogwheel and ears of grain, it symbolizes the New Democratic Revolution of the Chinese people since the 4 May Movement in 1919 and the birth of New China under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class on the basis of the worker-peasant alliance.

  它由国旗、天安门、齿轮和麦穗图案组成，象征着1919年五四运动以来中国人民的新民主主义革命和在工人阶级领导的工农联盟基础上的人民民主专政下新中国的诞生。

¶National Anthem

国歌

• March of the Volunteers was written in 1935 with lyrics by the poet Tian Han and music by the composer Nie Er, honouring those who went to the front to fight the Japanese invaders in northeast China in the 1930s.

  《义勇军进行曲》创作于1935年，由诗人田汉作词，作曲家聂耳作曲，以纪念上世纪30年代在东北抗击日本侵略者的先烈。

¶National Capital

• Beijing is not only the nation’s political centre, but also serves as its economic, scientific, cultural and educational heart.

  北京不仅是国家的政治中心，而且是经济、科学、文化和教育的心脏。

• As one of the famous ancient capital cities in China, Beijing is famous for its many places of historic interest and scenic beauty, like the Forbidden City, the largest and best-preserved collection of ancient buildings in China;

  作为中国著名的古都之一，北京以其众多的名胜古迹和美丽的风景而闻名，如紫禁城，它是中国最大和保存最完好的古建筑集合;

• the Temple of Heaven, a platform for the Ming and Qing emperors to perform sacrifices and solemn rites;

  天坛，明清皇帝祭祀和举行庄严仪式的平台;

• the Summer Palace;

  颐和园

• the Ming Tombs;

  明十三陵

• the Badaling section of the Great Wall

  八达岭长城

¶Geography

¶Location and Boundary

• Located in the east of the Asian continent, on the western shore of the Pacific Ocean, the PRC has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, and is the third largest country in the world, next only to Russia and Canada.

  中华人民共和国位于亚洲大陆东部，太平洋西岸，陆地面积约960万平方公里，是世界第三大国，仅次于俄罗斯和加拿大。

• From north to south, the territory of China stretches from the midpoint of the Heilongjiang River, north of the town of Mohe, to Zengmu’ansha at the southernmost tip of the Nansha Islands.

  中国的领土从北到南，从黑龙江中点漠河以北，一直延伸到南沙群岛最南端的曾母暗沙。

• From west to east, the country extends from its westernmost point on the Pamir Plateau to the confluence of the Heilongjiang River and Wusulijiang River.

  从西向东，从最西端的帕米尔高原一直延伸到黑龙江和乌苏里江的汇合处。

• China is bordered by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, …

  中国与朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、蒙古、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、…接壤

• The Chinese mainland is flanked to the east and south by the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.

  中国大陆东、南环渤海、黄海、东海和南海。

• A total of 5,400 islands scatter across the seas. The largest of these is the Taiwan Island. The Diaoyu Island and Chiwei Island are located to the northeast of the Taiwan Island. China;s southernmost island groups are called the Dongsha, Xisha, Zhongsha, Nansha and Zengmu’ansha.

  分布在海上的岛屿共有5400个。其中最大的是台湾岛。钓鱼岛和赤尾岛位于台湾岛的东北部。中国最南端的群岛被称为东沙、西沙、中沙、南沙和曾母暗沙。

¶Topography

地形

• China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east.

  中国是一个地形多样的国家，西部是高地，东部是平原。

• Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67%of Chinese territory, basins and plains about 33%.

  山地和极其崎岖的地形占中国国土面积的67%，盆地和平原约占33%。

• Taking a bird’s-eye view of China, the terrain gradually descends from west to east like four steps of a staircase.

  鸟瞰中国，地形从西向东逐渐下降，就像有四个台阶的阶梯 。

• The first step is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in southwest China. With an average elevation of between 4,000 metres and 5,000 metres, it is known as the “roof of the world”.Its highest peak is called Mount Qomolangma. The surrounding snow-capped mountains are the origins of many of China’s large rivers.

  第一级阶梯是中国西南部的青藏高原。其平均海拔在4000米到5000米之间，被称为“世界屋脊”。它的最高峰被称为珠穆朗玛峰，周围的雪山是中国许多大河的源头。

• The second step includes the Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau (黄土高原), Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin and Sichuan Basin, with an average elevation of between 1,000 metres and 2,000 metres.

  第二级阶梯包括内蒙古高原、黄土高原、云贵高原、塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地和四川盆地，平均海拔在1000米至2000米之间。

• The third step, dropping to 500-1,000 metres in elevation, begins at a line drawn around the Greater Hinggan, Taihang, Wushan and Xuefeng mountain ranges and extends eastwards to the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Here, from north to south, are the Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain. Interspersed amongst the plains are hills and foothills.

  第三级阶梯海拔500- 1000米，从大兴安岭、太行山、巫山和雪峰山脉开始，向东延伸到太平洋沿岸。这里从北向南依次为东北平原、华北平原和长江中下游平原。在平原之间散布着小山和丘陵。

• East of the third step is the fourth step of the staircase formed by the shallow waters of the continental shelf, an extension of the land into the ocean. The water here is mostly less than 200 metres deep.

  第三级台阶的东面是由大陆架浅水形成的第四级台阶，这是陆地进入海洋的延伸。这里的水大多不到200米深。

¶Rivers and Lakes

• China abounds with rivers. Most of the large rivers have their source on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and drop greatly between source and mouth. As a result, China is rich in water-power resources, leading the world in hydropower potential.

  中国河流众多。大部分大河的源头都在青藏高原，从源头到河口之间的落差很大。因此，中国水电资源丰富，水电潜力居世界首位。

• China’s rivers can be categorized as exterior and interior systems. The catchment area (汇水面积) of the exterior rivers that empty into the oceans accounts for 64% of the country’s total land area. The catchment area of the interior rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into deserts or salt marshes (沼泽地) makes up about 36% of China’s total land area.

  中国的河流可分为外流河和内流河。流入海洋的外流河的汇水面积占该国陆地总面积的64%。流入内陆湖或消失于沙漠或盐沼的内陆河的沼泽地约占中国陆地总面积的36%。

• The Yangtze River is the longest river in China (6,300 kilometres), and the third longest river in the world. Its source is in the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It flows through 11 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (直辖市). The Yangtze River is one of the main arteries of water transportation between eastern and western China. Many important ports and economic centres are located along it.

  长江是中国最长的河流(6300公里)，也是世界上第三长的河流。它起源于青藏高原的唐古拉山。流经11个省、自治区、直辖市(直辖市)。长江是中国东西部水运的大动脉之一。许多重要的港口和经济中心都位于它的沿线。

• China’s second longest river, the Yellow River, originates in Qinghai province and flows 5,464 kilometres to the Bohai Sea. As the most heavily silt-laden river in the world, the Yellow River has formed a raised-bed river (地上河) in the lower reaches. The Yellow River is seen as the cradle of Chinese civilization and the spiritual home of the Chinese people.

  黄河是中国第二大河，发源于青海省，全长5464公里，最终流入渤海。黄河是世界上含沙量最大的河流，在下游形成了地上河。黄河被视为中华文明的摇篮和中华民族的精神家园。

• Scattered throughout China are more than 2,800 natural lakes each having a surface area of over one square kilometre. Most of which are found on the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Freshwater lakes such as the Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, and Hongze Lake mostly lie in the former area, while in the latter are saltwater lakes such as the Qinghai Lake and Nam Co Lake (纳木错湖). The Poyang Lake, in the north of Jiangxi province, is the largest of its kind. The Qinghai Lake, in northeast Qinghai province, is the largest of its kind.

  中国各地分布着2800多个天然湖泊，每个湖泊的面积都超过一平方公里。主要分布在长江中下游平原和青藏高原。鄱阳湖、洞庭湖、太湖、洪泽湖等淡水湖多位于前者，后者则是青海湖、纳木错湖等咸水湖。最大的淡水湖是位于江西省北部的鄱阳湖。最大的咸水湖是位于青海省东北部的青海湖。

• Apart from the natural rivers and lakes, there are also many manmade canals. The most famous is the Grand Canal (大运河) between Beijing and Hangzhou, more than 1,700 kilometres in length. It passes through two cities (Beijing and Tianjin) and four provinces (Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang) and links five major rivers: the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River and the Qiantangjiang River. The canal was open to navigation over 1,000 years ago. It played an important role in facilitating trade between the south and the north and was regarded as the country’s transportation and information “highway” before the advent of the railway.

  除了天然的河流和湖泊，还有许多人工运河。最著名的是连接北京和杭州的全长1700多公里的京杭大运河。它穿过两个城市(北京和天津)和四个省(河北、山东、江苏和浙江)，连接五条主要河流:海河、黄河、淮河、长江和钱塘江。这条运河在1000多年前就开放通航了。它在促进南北贸易方面发挥了重要作用，在铁路出现之前被视为国家的交通和信息“高速公路”。

• Today, some of the canal’s sections have been widened, deepened or straightened out, and some water conservancy and ship locks have been added. This old canal still provides water transportation from north to south, irrigation water for the farmland on both sides, and cruise tours to the travellers from home and abroad.

  现在运河的一些路段被加宽、加深或拉直，并增加了一些水利和船闸。这条古老的运河至今仍为南北提供水运，为两岸农田提供灌溉用水，并为国内外游客提供游船旅游。

¶Climate

• Most of China lies in the north temperate zone, characterized by a warm climate and distinctive seasons, a climate well suited for habitation.

  中国大部分地区位于北温带，气候温暖，四季分明，非常适合居住。

• Most of China has a marked continental monsoon (季风) climate characterized by varietu. From September to April the following year, the dry and cold winter monsoons blow from Siberia and the Mongolian Plateau, resulting in cold and dry winters and greater temperature difference between northern and southern China. From April to September, warm and humid summer monsoons blow from the seas in the east and south, resulting in overall high temperature and plentiful rainfall, and little temperature difference between northern and southern China.

  中国大部分地区具有明显的大陆性季风气候。从9月到次年4月，来自西伯利亚和蒙古高原的干冷冬季季风吹来，导致中国冬季寒冷干燥，南北温差较大。从4月到9月，温暖湿润的夏季季风从东部和南部的海洋吹来，导致中国整体气温高，雨量充沛，南北温差很小。

• In terms of temperature, the country can be sectored from south to north into the tropical zone, the subtropical zone, the warm-temperate zone, the temperate zone, the cold-temperate zone, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alpine zone. Precipitation (降水量) gradually declines from the southeastern to the northwestern inland area, and the average annual precipitation varies greatly from place to place. In southeastern coastal areas, it reaches over 1,500 millimetres, while in northwestern areas, it drops to below 200 millimetres.

  从气温上看，我国从南到北可分为热带、亚热带、暖温带、温带、寒温带和青藏高原高寒地区。降水量(降水量)由东南向西北内陆地区逐渐减少，各地年平均降水量差异较大。在东南沿海地区，它达到1500毫米以上，而在西北地区，它下降到200毫米以下。

¶Outline History

历史概述

• China has a recorded history of nearly 4,000 years and is one of the four homes of the world’s earliest civilizations. The first primitive man known to have existed in China is Yuanmou Man (元谋人) , who lived about 1.7 million years ago. Peking Man, who existed more than 600,000 years ago at Zhoukoudian (周口店) , in the vicinity of modern Beijing, could walk upright, make and use simple tools, and make use of fire. The possessed basic human characteristics.

  中国有近4000年的历史，是世界四大文明发祥地之一。中国已知的第一个原始人是元谋人，他生活在大约170万年前。60多万年前，北京人生活在现代北京附近的周口店，他们可以直立行走，制作和使用简单的工具，还会使用火。他们具有人类的基本特征。

• Chinese history can be divided into two periods: the ancient period (ancient times - 1840) and the modern period (1840-present).

  中国历史可以分为两个时期:古代(古代至1840年)和近代(1840年至今)。

¶Ancient Period

• Chinese history began with two legendary figures – Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches of the Yellow River. After centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves the “descendants of Yan and Huang (炎黄子孙)”.

  中国历史始于两个传奇人物——黄帝和炎帝，他们和他们的部落一起居住在黄河中游流域。这两个部落在一起生活了几个世纪后，逐渐合而为一。因此，中国人通常称自己为“炎黄子孙”(炎黄子孙)。

• These are many legends describing the life of the three sage (贤明的) kings after Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan – Yao, Shun and Yu. Yao made great contributions to the lunar calendar (农历) . His successor, Shun, was physically and intellectually gifted and was a man with great virtues. Yu was famous for conquering the floods. He inspired people to dig ditches to divert water away instead of building dams. He worked ceaselessly for 13 years and succeeded in controlling the floods. Legend has it that he was so busy that “thrice he had gone past his own house without even looking in”.

  有许多传说，描述了在黄帝和炎帝之后的三位圣人(贤明的)——尧、舜、禹的生活。尧对农历有很大的贡献(农历)。他的继任者舜，身体和智力都很有天赋，是一个很有美德的人。禹因征服洪水而闻名。他鼓励人们挖沟渠引水，而不是建水坝。他坚持不懈地奋斗了13年，终于成功地控制住了洪水。传说他太忙了，以至于“三过家门而不入”。

• It was Yu who established the Xia dynasty, during which the institution of slavery began.

  禹建立了夏朝，在夏朝开始实行奴隶制。

• Following the Xia dynasty arose the Shang dynasty (商朝：1600–1046 BC), the Western Zhou dynasty (西周：1046–771 BC), the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (春秋战国：770–221 BC).

  继夏朝之后，又出现了商朝(商朝:公元前1600-公元前1046年)、西周(西周:公元前1046-公元前771年)、春秋战国(春秋战国:公元前770-公元前221年)。

• In 221 BC, Ying Zheng, the highly gifted, ambitious king of the Qin Kingdom ended the turmoil and chaos among dukes (诸侯) and kings in the Warring States period. He established the first unites, centralized, multi-ethnic feudal monarchy (封建王朝) – the Qin dynasty (秦朝：221–206 BC) , styling himself “Shi Huangdi (meaning the First Emperor)”. Emperor Qinshihuang unified the language, the measurement system and the currency, set up the prefecture-county system (郡县制), constructed the famous Great Wall, and built extravagant (奢侈的) palaces and mausoleums.

  公元前221年，才华横溢、野心勃勃的秦王嬴政结束了战国时期诸侯之间的混乱。他建立了第一个统一的、中央集权的、多民族的封建君主政体(封建王朝)——秦朝(秦朝:公元前221—206年)，称自己为“始皇”。秦始皇统一了语言、度量衡和货币，设立了郡县制，修建了著名的长城、奢华的宫殿和陵墓。

• The Han dynasty (汉朝：206 BC–AD 220) was established by Liu Bang, with its capital at Chang’an (now Xi’an). It is divided into two periods: the Western Han dynasty (西汉：206 BC–AD 25) and the Eastern Han dynasty (东汉：AD 25-- 220).

  汉朝(汉朝:公元前206年-公元220年)由刘邦建立，定都于长安(现在的西安)。它分为两个时期:西汉(西汉:公元前206年—公元25年)和东汉(东汉:公元25年—220年)。

• The Han dynasty survived for 426 years. By the year 220, China evolved into the Three Kingdoms period (三国), in a tripartite balance (三国鼎立) of the Wei Kingdom (魏：AD 220–265), the Shu Kingdom (蜀：AD 221-- 263) and the Wu Kingdom (吴：AD222-280).

  汉朝延续426年。到公元220年，中国进入了魏国(魏:公元220—265年)、蜀国(蜀:公元221—263年)和吴国(吴:公元222—280年)(三国鼎立时期。

• Following the Three Kingdoms period were consecutively the Jin dynasty (晋：AD 265–420), the Southern and Northern dynasties (南北朝：AD 420–589) and the Sui dynasty (隋朝：AD 581–618). By the year 618, the Tang dynasty (唐朝：AD 618–907), the commonly regarded glorious period in Chinese history, was founded by Li Yuan.

  继三国之后，依次是晋朝(晋:公元265—420)、南北朝(南北朝:公元420—589)和隋朝(隋朝:公元581—618)。公元618年，李渊建立唐朝(唐朝:公元618—907年)，这是中国历史上公认的辉煌时期。

• Following the Tang dynasty came the period of the Five dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms (五代十国：AD 907–979). In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a rebellion. His lieutenants (随从将领) clothed him in the yellow imperial gown and asked him to ascend the throne (登基). Thus, he established the Song dynasty (宋朝：960–1279).

  唐朝之后是五代十国时期(五代十国:公元907—979)。公元960年，赵匡胤发动叛乱。他的副官(随从将领)给他穿上黄色的皇袍，并要求他登基。因此，他建立了宋朝(宋朝:960—1279)。

• In 1206, Genghis Khan (成吉思汗) founded the Mongol Empire upon his unification of the scattered Mongol tribes. Kublai (忽必烈). a grandson of Genghis Khan, swept southwards across central China in 1271 and founded the Yuan dynasty (元朝：1271–1368) with Dadu (now Beijing) as the capital.

  1206年，成吉思汗(成吉思汗)统一了分散的蒙古部落，建立了蒙古帝国。忽必烈，成吉思汗的孙子，1271年向南横扫中原，建立了元朝(元朝:1271—1368)，定都大都(现在的北京)。

• In 1368, the Ming dynasty (明朝：1368–1644) was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang. During the later period of the Ming dynasty, a new military power in the northeast of China arose. Led by their chieftains (首领), the Manchu (满族) tribesmen on horseback fought with the Ming forces fir years at the Great Wall, and finally established the Qing dynasty (清朝：1644–1911)

  1368年，朱元璋建立明朝(明朝:1368—1644)。明朝后期，东北地区兴起了一支新的军事力量。在他们的首领(首领)的带领下，骑在马背上的满族部落与明朝军队在长城上进行了长达数年的战斗，最终建立了清朝(清朝:1644—1911)。

¶Modern Period

• The Opium War (鸦片战争) was the turning point in Chinese history which marked the close of the ancient period and the beginning of the modern history. From 1840 on, imperialists made continuous inroads (侵犯) into China, and China gradually became a country of semi-feudal, semi-colonial status.

  鸦片战争(鸦片战争)是中国历史的转折点，标志着古代历史的结束和现代历史的开始。1840年以后，帝国主义不断侵略中国，中国逐渐成为半封建半殖民地的国家。

• The Qing dynasty, the last of China’s feudal dynasties, was finally overthrown by the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925). One year later, the Republic of China (中华民国) was founded under his leadership.

  中国最后一个封建王朝清朝，最终被孙中山(1866- 1925)领导的辛亥革命推翻。一年后，他领导成立了中华民国。

• With the introduction of Marxism and Leninism into China and under the influence of the October Revolution in Russia, the 4 May Movement broke out in 1919, and in 1921 the CPC was founded, thus beginning a new period in Chinese history. After the anti-Japanese War and the Liberation War, the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

  马克思列宁主义传入中国，在俄国十月革命的影响下，1919年爆发了“五四运动”，1921年中国共产党成立，开启了中国历史的新时期。经过抗日战争和解放战争，中华人民共和国于1949年成立。

¶Administrative Divisions

行政区划

• According to the Constitution of the PRC (《中华人民共和国宪法》), China’s administrative units are currently based on a three-tier system (三级建制) : (1) The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government; (2) provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities; (3) counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, ethnic minority townships, and towns.

  根据《中华人民共和国宪法》，中国的行政单位目前是三级建制:(1)全国分为省、自治区、直辖市;(二)省、自治区分为自治州、县、自治县、市;(三)县、自治县设乡、民族乡、镇。

• At present China has 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government, and 2 special administrative regions (SAR). The 23 provinces are Hebei, … . The 5 autonomous regions are the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous Region and the Tibet Autonomous Region. The 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government are Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing. Hong Kong and Macao are two special administrative regions.

  目前，中国有23个省、5个自治区、4个直辖市和2个特别行政区。23个省是河北，… .这5个自治区分别是内蒙古自治区、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区、广西壮族自治区和西藏自治区。4个直辖市是北京、上海、天津和重庆。香港和澳门是两个特别行政区。

¶Population

• China, the most populous country in the world, had a total population of about 1,370.54 million at the end of 2010, with a population increase of 73,899,804 since the fifth population census in 2000, according to the Statistical Communique on the 2010 population census released by the National Bureau of Statistics on 28 April 2011.

  国家统计局2011年4月28日发布的《2010年人口普查统计公报》显示，截至2010年底，中国总人口约为137054万人，自2000年第五次人口普查以来，人口增加了73899804人。中国是世界上人口最多的国家。

• Moreover, the country’s population density is high, with about 142 people per square kilometre but unevenly distributed. The population density in coastal regions in east China is higher, and that in the central and west China is lower. The distribution pattern is determined by economic and geographic conditions.

  此外，中国的人口密度很高，每平方公里约有142人，但分布不均匀。中国东部沿海地区人口密度较高，中西部地区人口密度较低。分布格局是由经济和地理条件决定的。

• When the PRC was founded in 1949, China had a population of about 541.67 million. Because of the stability of society, the development of production, the improvement of medical conditions, and a lack of awareness of the importance of medical conditions, China witnessed a rapid population increase to 829.92 million in 1970. Since the late 1970s, the Chinese government has been implementing the policy of family planning (计划生育政策), or “one child policy”, hoping to control the population increase, improve population quality, promote the development of economy and society, and protect the environment. As a result, by the end of 2011, the birth rate stood at 11.93 per thousand with a mortality rate at 7.14 per thousand, creating a natural growth rate of 4.79 per thousand, according to China Statistical Yearbook 2013.

  1949年中华人民共和国成立时，中国人口约为54167万。由于社会的稳定、生产的发展、医疗条件的改善以及对医疗条件重要性认识的缺乏，中国人口迅速增加到1970年的82992万人。自20世纪70年代末以来，中国政府一直在实施计划生育政策(计划生育政策)，即“独生子女政策”，希望控制人口增长，提高人口素质，促进经济社会发展，保护环境。根据《中国统计年鉴2013》，到2011年底，人口出生率为11.93‰，死亡率为7.14‰，自然增长率为4.79‰。

• The policy of family planning changed in 2014. It allows couples to have two children if either parent is an only child.

  2014年计划生育政策发生变化。它允许夫妻双方都是独生子女的夫妇生育两个孩子。

¶Distribution of the Ethnic Groups

• From the hinterlands (腹地) of the north to the lush jungles in the south, from the mountains of Taiwan in the east to the top of the world in the west, China serves as home to 56 ethnic groups. The Han people, the largest group, makes up about 91.51% of China’s vast population, and the world uses the term “Han culture” to refer to Chinese culture. The other 55 ethnic minority groups, nestled (安居) in China’s vast frontiers, maintain their own rich traditions and customs. Great contributions have been made by the ethnic minority groups to China’s culture and science. Many of China’s beautiful poems, myths, folk tales, songs, and dances come directly from ethnic minority groups.

  从北部的内陆(腹地)到南部的茂密丛林，从东部的台湾山脉到西部的世界之巅，中国是56个民族的家园。汉族是中国最大的民族，约占中国广大人口的91.51%，世界上用“汉文化”一词来指代中国文化。其他55个少数民族，安居在中国广阔的边疆，保持着自己丰富的传统和习俗。少数民族为中国的文化和科学事业作出了巨大贡献。中国许多美丽的诗歌、神话、民间故事、歌曲和舞蹈都直接来自少数民族。

• Compared with the Han people, the 55 ethnic minority groups are relatively small and differ markedly in culture and other aspects. According to the sixth national census conducted in 2010, the population of all the 55 ethnic minority groups totalled 113.79 million, accounting for 8.49% of the total population of China. The Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, and Uygur peoples comprise the largest ethnic minority groups.

  与汉族相比，55个少数民族规模较小，文化等方面差异较大。根据2010年第六次全国人口普查，全国55个少数民族人口总数为11379万人，占全国总人口的8.49%。蒙古族、回族、藏族和维吾尔族是中国最大的少数民族。

• Although small in number, the 55 ethnic minority groups are distributed extensively throughout China. They are widely dispersed, often inhabiting strategically important border regions. The regions where they are most concentrated are Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Guangxi, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hunan, Hebei, Fujian and Taiwan. Many ethnic minority peoples have traditionally established their villages in mountainous and pastoral areas, on high plateau and in deep forests.

  55个少数民族虽然人数不多，但分布广泛。他们分布广泛，通常居住在具有重要战略意义的边境地区。它们最集中的地区是内蒙古、新疆、西藏、广西、宁夏、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、甘肃、青海、四川、云南、贵州、广东、湖南、河北、福建和台湾。许多少数民族传统上都在山区、牧区、高原、深林中建村。

• Equality, unity and common prosperity are the basic principles of the Chinese government in handling the relations between ethnic groups. In accordance with these basic principles, China practices a regional ethnic autonomy system, under which ethnic minority groups that live in compact (密集的) communities and autonomous organs practice self-government under the unified leadership of the state.

  平等、团结、共同繁荣是中国政府处理民族关系的基本原则。根据这些基本原则，中国实行民族区域自治制度，在国家统一领导下，在少数民族聚居的地方(密集的)和自治机关实行自治。

• As for the principle of common prosperity, there has been great development in the ethnic minority areas in the past three decades. At present, all of China’s five autonomous regions enjoy some preferential policies, which have brought visible profits to the ethnic minority areas. A number of infrastructure projects (基础建设) such as airports, expressways and water conservancy hubs have been built. In 2006 the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was extended to Lhasa, giving a rail connection to Tibet for the first time in its history. As a rapid, economical, all-weather transport channel of massive capacity between Tibet and the outside world, the railway has fundamentally changed the backward transport in the region.

  关于共同富裕的原则，少数民族地区在过去30年里有了很大的发展。目前，中国五个自治区都享有一定的优惠政策，这给少数民族地区带来了明显的利益。机场、高速公路、水利枢纽等一批基础建设项目相继建成。2006年，青藏铁路延伸至拉萨，实现了历史上第一次铁路通藏。铁路作为一条快速、经济、全天候、大容量的西藏对外运输通道，从根本上改变了西藏落后的交通状况。

• Great efforts have also been made in the educational and cultural undertakings in the ethnic minority areas. By the end of 2008, the number of ethnic minority students attending schools of all levels and all types in the whole country amounted to about 21 million.

  民族地区的教育文化事业也得到大力发展。截至2008年底，全国各级各类少数民族学校在校生约2100万人。

¶Political System

• The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China is the fundamental law of the state.

  中华人民共和国宪法是国家的根本法。

• The NPC is the supreme organ of state power. Local people’s congresses are the local organs of state power. The Standing Committee of the NPC is the permanent organ of the NPC. The term of office of the NPC and its Standing Committee is five years. The NPC and its Standing Committee are empowered with the rights of legislation, decision, supervision, election and removal.

  全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关。地方人民代表大会是地方国家权力机关。全国人民代表大会常务委员会是全国人民代表大会的常设机关。全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会每届任期五年。全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会有立法权、决策权、监督权、选举权和罢免权。

• The Great Hall of the People

  人民大会堂

• The CPC is the sole party in power in China. Apart from it, there are eight democratic parties in China. Multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is the basic political system in China.

  中国共产党是中国唯一的执政党。除此之外，中国还有八个民主党派。中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商是中国的基本政治制度。

• The State Council of the People’s Republic of China is the highest executive organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration.

  中华人民共和国国务院是最高国家权力执行机关和最高国家行政机关。

• The CPPCC is a political advisory body under the leadership of the CPC and an organ for other political parties, mass organisations and personages of various social circles to take part in the running of the state.

  中国人民政治协商会议是中国共产党领导的政治协商机构，是其他政党、群众团体和社会各界人士参与国家管理的机关。

¶Economic Development and Reform

• China, economically backward before 1949, has become one of the world’s major economic powers with the greatest potential. In the years following reform and opening up in 1978, China’s economy has developed at an unprecedented rate, and that momentum (势头) has been held steady into the 21st century. The restructuring of the economy and resulting gains e contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978.

  1949年以前经济落后的中国，已成为世界上最具潜力的经济大国之一。自1978年改革开放以来，中国经济以前所未有的速度发展，进入21世纪，中国经济的发展势头一直保持稳定。自1978年以来，经济结构调整及其带来的收益使国内生产总值增长了十多倍。

• Deng Xiaoping was the chief architect who led China’s reform. The reform was designed to improve the socialist system, bring its benefits into full play and push forwards the drive for modernization. It not only promoted the sustained, rapid and sound development of China’s national economy, but also helped restructure its economic system. Most of China’s economic growth is attributed to the Special Economic Zones of China that spread successful economic experience to other areas.

  邓小平中国改革开放的总工程师。改革的目的是完善社会主义制度，充分发挥社会主义制度的效益，推动现代化建设向前发展。它不仅促进了中国国民经济持续快速健康发展，而且有助于中国经济体制的改革。中国经济增长的大部分归功于中国的经济特区，这些经济特区将成功的经济经验传播到其他地区。

• The successful reform has made China the world’s second largest economy by nominal GDP and by purchasing power parity, only after the United States/ It is now the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods in the world, and is also the largest manufacturing economy in the world.

  改革的成功实施，使中国成为名义国内生产总值和购买力平价仅次于美国的世界第二大经济体，成为世界第一大货物出口国和第二大货物进口国，也是世界第一大制造业经济体。

• The government’s 12th Five-Year Plan, adopted in March 2011, now emphasizes continued economic reforms and the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make the economy less dependent on exports in the future.

  2011年3月通过的政府第十二个五年计划现在强调继续进行经济改革和增加国内消费的必要性，以使经济在未来减少对出口的依赖。

Part 1 Philosophy & Religion, Literature, and Arts

• Culturally, indigenous (本土的) Confucianism and Taoism, and the religions of foreign origin such as Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity have influenced the thought, literature and arts of Chinese people over the centuries, which have shown their lasting charm for thousands of years.

  文化上，本土的儒教和道教，以及佛教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教等外来宗教，几个世纪以来影响了中国人的思想、文学和艺术，几千年来一直显示出持久的魅力。

¶CHAPTER 1 Philosophy & Religion

¶Philosophy

• Chinese philosophy is the collective designation (总称) for the various schools of thought. It developed independent of European and other civilized countries, with its own distinguishing features, unique concept systems and expressive ways. Chinese philosophy has become one of the three philosophy systems in the world, the other two being Western philosophy and Indian philosophy.

  中国哲学是各种思想流派的总称。它是独立于欧洲和其他文明国家而发展起来的，有自己的特点、独特的概念体系和表现方式。中国哲学已经成为世界三大哲学体系之一，另外两个是西方哲学和印度哲学。

• Chinese philosophy is the soul of traditional Chinese culture and has developed over several thousand years. Its origin can be traced back to the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. It began to take definite shape during the Spring and Autumn Period and enjoyed thriving development because of the emergence of the “contention and flourishing of numerous schools of thought”

  中国哲学是中国传统文化的灵魂，已经发展了几千年。它的起源可以追溯到夏、商、周时期。它在春秋时期开始形成，并因“百家争鸣”的出现而蓬勃发展。

¶Development of Ancient Chinese Philosophy

• In general, ancient Chinese philosophy progresses through the following periods.

  总的来说，中国古代哲学经历了以下几个时期的发展。

¶Philosophy During the Pre-Qin Times (先秦子学)

• The philosophy in the pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophy views. The most influential schools were Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and Legalism.

  先秦哲学的特点是出现了各种古代哲学观。最有影响的学派是儒、道、墨、法。

• Confucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and Mencius. The school takes the teaching of Confucius as its core of thought and regards the words and deeds of Confucius as its highest code (准则) of behaviour. It advocates benevolence and justice, allegiance and forbearance (仁、义、忠、恕), the doctrine of the golden mean and values the ethical (伦理的) relations of men. It emphasizes the importance of family and society order. Children must respect and be dutiful to their parents. The younger must obey the elder. The junior must follow the senior. The servants must serve their rulers. The influence of Confucianism is so predominant (显著的) that the word “Confucian” can directly represent traditional Chinese life and culture. Confucianism is not confined to China. Neighboring countries such as Japan and Vietnam also embrace (信奉) Confucianism in their national life and culture.

  儒家思想以孔子、孟子为代表。孔孟学派以孔子的教学为思想核心，以孔子的言行为最高行为准则。它提倡仁，义，忠，恕，中庸之道，重视人与人之间的伦理关系。它强调家庭和社会秩序的重要性。孩子必须尊重父母，孝敬父母。年轻的必须服从年长的。低年级学生必须跟着高年级学生。仆人必须侍奉他们的主人。儒家思想的影响如此显著，以至于“儒家”一词可以直接代表中国传统的生活和文化。儒家思想并不局限于中国。日本、越南等邻国也在国民生活和文化中信奉儒家思想。

• Taoism is a school of thought founded by Laozi and Zhuangzi. The school advocates the doctrine that Tao is the course, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which all people must conform (遵从), Based on the work of Daodejing (also named Laozi), Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only bring one worries and troubles. With proper behavior and self-restraint, a person can achieve great inner strength and a prolonged (延长的) life.

  道教是老子和庄子创立的一个思想流派。道家主张道是一切事物的过程、原则、实质和标准，所有人都必须遵从。道家以《道德经》(又名《老子》)为基础，提倡一个人应该过简单的生活，不追求财富、名利或权力，这只会给人带来烦恼和烦恼。通过适当的行为和自我约束，一个人可以获得巨大的内在力量和延长的寿命

• The school favours the political principle of “achieving good government through non-action”.

  道家学派赞成“无为而治”的政治原则。

• Mohism, based on the teachings of Mozi, cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, there would be no hatred, calamities (灾难) and hostilities. In politics and ethics Mohism advocates honouring virtuous people, opposing fatalism (宿命论) and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness and simple funerals.

  墨家，基于墨子的教义，珍视普遍的爱，如果世界上所有的人都彼此相爱，就不会有仇恨，灾难和敌对。在政治和伦理上，墨家主张尊重贤人，反对宿命论和侵略战争，提倡节俭和简单的葬礼。

• Legalism, begun by Hanfeizi, believes that it is necessary to lay down laws to unify the thought of people, to promote agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕) , to wage (发动) wars to gain strength and power, and to establish a system of bureaucracy (官僚制度). The Legalists also hold that contradiction is present everywhere, and the two sides of a contradiction are changeable.

  由韩非子开创的法家主义，认为必须制定法律以统一人们的思想，必须推动农业以实现富裕，必须发动战争以获得力量和权力，必须建立官僚制度。法家还认为，矛盾是无处不在的，矛盾的两面是可以改变的。

¶Orthodox Philosophy During the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)

• In the Han dynasty, Emperor Wudi instituted the campaign of “banning all schools of thought except Confucianism (罢黜百家，独尊儒术)”. He rules out various schools of thought and chose officials from those who were steeped (专心于) in Confucianism only. Consequently, Confucianism became an orthodox school that served as the ideological of the feudal rule throughout the dynasties in China.

  汉武帝在汉代发起了“罢黜百家，独尊儒术)。他罢黜了各种思想流派，只从那些专心于儒家思想中的人中挑选官员。因此，儒家思想成为中国历代封建统治思想的正统学派。

• Orthodox philosophy advocates that Heaven affects human affairs and human behaviour finds responses in Heaven (天人感应) and that the power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven (君权神授). Natural disasters are Heaven’s punishment and condemnation of human behaviour. However, human moral conduct, and political and social upheaval (骚乱), in turn, will effect changes in Heaven. This theory, inspired by Dong Zhongshu, is at odds with Confucianism which holds that man is an integral part of nature (天人合一).

  正统哲学主张"天理人事"，“天人感应”，“君权神授”。自然灾害是上天对人类行为的惩罚和谴责。然而，人类的道德行为，政治和社会动荡，反过来，将影响天道的变化。这一理论受到董仲舒的启发，与认为人是自然不可分割的一部分的儒家思想不一致。

¶Metaphysics During the Wei and Jin Dynasties (魏晋玄学)

• Metaphysics in China blended Confucianism and Laozi’s doctrines and was based on the famous classical works of The Book of Changes (《易经》), Daodejing and Zhuangzi, known as the “three profound studies (三玄)”. To explore the noumenon (本体) of the universe is the theme of metaphysics. It mainly discusses the propositions of “extensive versus non-existence”, “essentials versus non-essentials”, “words versus ideas”, “fundamentals versus practice” and “ethics versus nature”, etc.

  中国的形而上学融合了儒家和老子的学说，并以著名的经典著作《易经》、《道德经》和《庄子》为基础，被称为“三玄”。探索宇宙的本体是形而上学的主题。主要论述了“外延与不存在”、“要旨与非要旨”、“言词与思想”、“基础与实践”、“伦理与自然”等命题。

¶Buddhist Philosophy During the Sui and Tang Dynasties (隋唐佛学)

• During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Buddhism reached its apex (顶点). The Buddhist philosophy became aligned with the wisdom of Chinese philosophers. It mainly discusses the relationship between the subjective and the objective. By analyzing the spiritual phenomena and human rationality, it attempts to gain insight into the universe and human life.

  隋唐时期，佛教达到了顶峰。佛教哲学与中国哲学家的智慧相结合。主要论述了主观与客观的关系。它试图通过对精神现象和人类理性的分析来洞察宇宙和人类生活

¶Neo-Confucianism During the Song and Ming Dynasties (宋明理学)

• During the Song and Ming dynasties, the rationalistic Confucian philosophy was of great influence. A new Confucianism developed by incorporating Taoism and Buddhism. It mainly discusses the relationship between human beings, between man and nature, and between man and society, as well as the nature of human being.

  宋明时期，儒家的理性主义哲学影响很大。一种新的儒家思想是由道教和佛教相结合而形成的。它主要讨论人与人、人与自然、人与社会的关系，以及人的本质。

• Neo-Confucianism has two main schools, the Schools of Principle (理学), and the School of Mind (心学). The former was represented by Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, who argues that “rationalism” was eternal and was a spiritual existence before the world existed and that all things in the world were derived from “rationalism”. The latter was represented by Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Shouren, who advocated that “there is nothing outside the mind and no rationalism (or reason) outside the mind” and that “subjective consciousness is the origin of all things in the world”.

  宋明理学有两大流派:理学和心学。前者以周敦颐、程浩、程颐、朱熹为代表，他们认为“理”是永恒的，是世界存在之前的一种精神存在，世界上的一切事物都来源于“理”。后者以陆九渊、王守仁为代表，主张“心外无事，心外无理”，“主观意识是世间万物的本源”。

¶Application Philosophy During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (明清实学)

• During the Ming and Qing dynasties, philosophy focused on “self-examination”. The application philosophy stuck to the application of philosophy on the state affairs. People were searching for the answers to specific issues instead of abstract study. Creative ideas were encouraged.

  明清时期，哲学注重“自省”。明清实学坚持哲学在国家事务中的应用。人们在寻找具体问题的答案，而不是抽象的研究。鼓励创造性的想法。

¶Basic Features of Ancient Chinese Philosophy

• Despite the varieties of schools of philosophy, basically, ancient Chinese philosophers share the following common features:

  尽管哲学流派繁多，但基本上，中国古代哲学家有以下共同特点:

¶Stress on Spiritual Existence

重视精神存在

• Ancient Chinese philosophers studied different kinds of philosophical problems based on reality and experience, but all of them paid attention to the study of existence. For example, Confucianism’s knowledge of life through disposition and consciousness, Taoism’s search for spiritual freedom and Buddhism’s “Nirvana (涅槃)” all reflect their pursuit of complete spiritual happiness.

  中国古代哲学家在现实和经验的基础上研究了各种各样的哲学问题，但他们都注重对存在的研究。例如，儒家对人生的认识是通过性情和意识，道教对精神自由的追求，佛教的“涅槃”都体现了他们对精神完全幸福的追求。

¶Stress on Practice

重视实践

• One of the most important questions that ancient Chinese philosophers were concerned with was the relationship between knowledge and practice, According to Confucius, "To prefer it is better than only to know it. To delight in it is better than merely to prefer it. (知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。) " “To delight in it” means “to put it into practice and gain pleasure from it”.

  中国古代哲学家关心的最重要的问题之一是知识与实践的关系。孔子说:“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。”“乐在其中”的意思是“把它付诸实践并从中获得乐趣”。

¶Stress on Morality

重视道德

• Essentially, every school of ancient Chinese philosophy was a kind of moral philosophy. Almost all of them stressed moral practice. Through it, individuals could realize moral achievement and enjoy things a healthy social environment could provide–the monarch’s benevolence and lower officials’ loyalty, the father’s kindness and son’s filial piety (孝顺), the elder brother’s friendliness and younger one’s respect, and the mutual trust between friends.

  从本质上讲，中国古代哲学的每一个流派都是一种道德哲学。他们几乎都强调道德实践。通过它，个人可以实现道德成就，享受健康的社会环境所能提供的东西——君主的仁慈和下级官员的忠诚，父慈子孝，兄友弟恭，朋友之间相互信任。

¶Stress on Harmony

重视和谐

• The consistent tradition of ancient Chinese philosophy has been its stress on harmony between man and nature, and also between man and man. Mencius said, " Opportunities vouchsafed (赐予) by Heaven are less important than terrestrial advantages, which in turn are less important than the unity among people. (天时不如地利，地利不如人和。) " This well expressed the idea that harmony was the highest principle. Confucius further explained how the realize harmony between man and nature, man and man, man and society, and man and Heaven through the golden mean.

  中国古代哲学的一贯传统是强调人与自然、人与人之间的和谐。孟子说:“天时不如地利，地利不如人和。” 这句话很好地表达了和谐是最高原则的观点。孔子进一步解释了如何通过中庸之道实现人与自然、人与人、人与社会、人与天的和谐。

¶Stress on Intuition

强调直觉

• Ancient Chinese philosophy did not adhere to formal rules of structure and system in thought and often resulted in fragmented thoughts written on paper. It was through intuition and reflection on life experiences that philosophical ideas were formed.

  中国古代哲学在思想上不遵循结构和系统的形式规则，常常导致思想的碎片化。正是通过直觉和对生活经验的反思，哲学思想才得以形成。

• Chinese Chan Buddhism (禅宗), which is the integration of Buddhist theology with Chinese traditional thinking, preaches epiphany (顿悟) and emphasizes self-restraint and self-reflection by sitting still and reciting Buddhist scriptures (经文).

  中国禅宗是佛教神学与中国传统思想的融合，它宣扬顿悟，强调静坐诵经的自我约束和自我反省。

¶Characteristics of Chinese Ethnics and Morality

中国伦理道德的特点

• Ethics is the moral principle for dealing with people. Morality is the social ideology which serves as the norm for people’s life and behaviour. Morals keep social life in order and within boundaries through public opinion.

  伦理是与人相处的道德原则。道德是作为人们生活和行为规范的社会意识形态。道德通过公众舆论使社会生活保持秩序并保持在界限之内。

• Traditional Chinese ethics include both good and bad elements. Some reflect the high standard or moral pursuit of the Chinese people and embrace ethical wisdom of lasting value, while others are unsuitable in modern society. For example, the three obediences and four virtues and the three cardinal guides and five constant virtues have long been abandoned by the Chinese people.

  中国传统伦理包括好的和坏的因素。有些反映了中国人的高标准或道德追求，具有永恒价值的伦理智慧，而另一些则不适合现代社会。比如三从四德、三纲五常，早就被中国人抛弃了。

¶Seeking Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium (平衡)

寻求和谐与平衡

• To the Chinese people, “harmony” is a powerful word. There is nothing it cannot absorb and nothing it cannot cover. Harmony seeks peace, compromise, concord (一致), and unison (调和). Maintaining equilibrium is the ultimate purpose of harmony.

¶Collectivism over Individualism

凌驾于个人主义之上的集体主义

• Traditional Chinese values attach great importance to collective interest. The interest of the society, the country and the family has always been given top priority, while that of the locality, the part, or the individual is sometimes ignored. An individual’s value can be realized only within society as a whole, as that is the groundwork of one’s existence.

  中国传统价值观非常重视集体利益。社会、国家和家庭的利益总是被放在首位，而地方、部分或个人的利益有时被忽视。一个人的价值只有在整个社会中才能实现，因为这是一个人存在的基础。

¶Spiritual Life over Material Life

精神生活高于物质生活

• Chinese people advocate morality in their behaviour. Self-cultivation in morals is emphasized, and is considered to be more important than one’s material pursuit. It is fully characterized by showing filial obedience, being amiable (友善的) to others, respecting ordinary people and appreciating moral conduct.

  中国人崇尚道德。强调道德修养，认为道德修养比物质追求更重要。它的特点是孝顺，待人友善，尊重普通人，欣赏道德行为。

¶Religion

跳过这里以及之后part先

感觉考的可能性不是很大，让我先看看练习

¶CHAPTER 2 Literature

¶Lead-in Questions

• The Analects of Confucius

  《论语》

• quote well-known proverbs

  引用名句

• Tang poems

  唐诗

• Song ci poems

  宋词

• China has a long and rich literary history, but to many westerners, Chinese literature remains an enigma (谜). Much of China’s literacy heritage has been untranslatable, despite scholarly efforts.

  中国有着悠久而丰富的文学史，但对许多西方人来说，中国文学仍然是一个谜。尽管学者们做出了努力，但中国的许多文化遗产仍无法翻译。

• For over 3,000 years, Chinese literature has encompassed diversified genres (类型) and forms such as mythology (神话), poetry, essay, fiction and drama. It rivals (与…媲美) the literature of other countries in the world.

  3000多年来，中国文学体裁多样，形式多样，有神话、诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧等。它可以与世界上其他国家的文学相媲美。

• Chinese literature can be subdivided into three main periods:

  • classical literature pre-Qin–4 May 1919
  • modern literature 1919-1949
  • contemporary literature 1949–present

  中国文学可分为三个主要时期:

  古典文学 先秦- 1919年5月4日
  现代文学 1919-1949
  当代文学 1949年至今

• Beginning with primitive mythology, Chinese classical literature developed with The Book of Songs (《诗经》), The Songs of Chu (《楚辞》), the prose of the pre-Qin times, hanfu and yuefu folk songs of the Han dynasty, the literary criticism in the Wei and Jin dynasties , the Tang poetry, the Song ci poetry, the Yuan dramas in the Yuan dynasty and the Ming and Qing novels. The literary achievements at the end of the Qing dynasty are mainly poems and novels.

  从原始神话开始，中国古典文学发展到《诗经》、《楚辞》、先秦散文、汉乐府民歌、魏晋文学批评、唐诗、宋词、元曲和明清小说。清末的文学成就主要是诗歌和小说。

• Modern literature spanned the period from 1919 to the foundation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. This period was distinctive as it brought along a new and revised literary language, form, and set of content and skills. It focused on people’s lives with strong political overtones, emphasizing opposition to imperialism and feudalism, and advocating the building of a new China.

  现代文学的时间跨度从1919年到1949年中华人民共和国成立。这一时期的独特之处在于，它带来了一种新的、经过修订的文学语言、形式、内容和技巧。它关注人民生活，具有强烈的政治色彩，强调反对帝国主义和封建主义，主张建设新中国。

• Contemporary literature started with the establishment of the PRC in 1949. With the rapid development of economy and the reform and opening-up policy in this period, works in various styles and with different subjects have appeared. Chinese literature has become more prosperous and won an important position in world literature.

  当代文学始于1949年中华人民共和国的成立。随着这一时期经济的快速发展和改革开放政策的实施，出现了风格各异、题材各异的作品。中国文学日益繁荣，在世界文学中占有重要地位。

¶Classical Literature

古典文学

• Chinese classical literature refers to literary works from the days before the Qin dynasty to the year of 1919, and is virtually an unbroken strand (思想等的一个组成部分) enduring dynastic changes.

• Long before the written language appeared, there was an oral tradition of fables and legends. Sime of them are still kept in some ancient books as precious heritage of Chinese literature. Over 3,000 years, there has emerged a great variety of excellent works in terms of poems, essays, novels, dramas and so on.

  precious heritage of Chinese literature 宝贵的中华文化遗产

¶The Book of Songs and The Songs of Chu

《诗经》《楚辞》

• Poetry, one of the earliest artistic forms, originated from folk songs before the existence of written Chinese. It content evolved out of people’s everyday life, and reflected their labour and entertainment. The Book of Songs and The Songs of Chu are regarded as the two peaks of China’s earlier literary history.

  诗歌是最早的艺术形式之一，起源于中国文字出现之前的民歌。它的内容是从人们的日常生活中演变而来的，反映了人们的劳动和娱乐。《诗经》和《楚辞》被认为是中国早期文学史上的两个高峰。

• The Book of Songs is a collection of China’s 305 oldest poems from the early Western Zhou dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, and is regarded as the earliest realistic literature in China. As the starting point of Chinese literature. The Book of Songs has provided a deep insight into all aspects of social life of the Zhou dynasty and truly reflected the rise and fall of the Chinese slave society. It has always been worshipped by scholars and has become a cultural gene. In the light of their rhythms, the works can be divided into three sections:

  • feng or folk ballads (consisting of 160 ballads from 15 regions)
  • ya or dynastic hymns (consisting of 105 songs, most of which are for entertaining slave owners at feast);
  • song or sacrificial songs (consisting of 40 songs for sacrificial ceremonies attended by slave owners).

  《诗经》收录了中国最古老的305首诗歌，时间从西周初到春秋中期，被认为是中国最早的现实主义文学。作为中国文学的起点。《诗经》对周朝社会生活的方方面面提供了深刻的洞察，真实地反映了中国奴隶社会的兴衰。它一直受到学者们的崇拜，成为一种文化基因。根据其节奏，作品可分为三个部分:
  风 / 民歌(来自15个地区的160首)

  ​ 雅或王朝赞美诗(由105首歌曲组成，其中大部分是为奴隶主在宴会上娱乐);

  ​ 颂或祭祀歌曲(由40首歌曲组成，用于奴隶主参加的祭祀仪式)。

• Many poems in The Book of Songs portray love stories, social customs and realities in the remote antiquity (上古时期) of China.

  《诗经》中的许多诗歌描绘了中国远古时代的爱情故事、社会习俗和现实。

• The Songs of Chu follows The Book of Songs as an important poem collection from ancient China with far-reaching influence, Chu Ci (楚辞), as the book’s Chinese name indicates, is derived from the songs of the southern state of Chu during the Warring States period. It pioneered romanticism in Chinese poetry.

  《楚辞》是继《诗经》之后，中国古代一部影响深远的重要诗集。楚辞，正如书名所示，源于战国时期楚国南部的歌曲。它开创了中国诗歌的浪漫主义。

• The journey is long, I 'll search up and down.

  路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索

• Unable to realize his ideal, he (屈原) wrote such immortal masterpieces as Sorrow After Departure (《离骚》), Ask Heaven （《天问》）, Nine Elegies （《九章》）, and Nine Songs （《九歌》）. He drowned himself in the Miluo River out of disappointment, sorrow, and anger.

  由于无法实现自己的理想，他(屈原)写下了《离骚》、《天问》、《九章》、《九歌》等不朽的杰作。由于失望、悲伤和愤怒，他投汨罗江自尽

• representative work

  代表作

• The Book of Songs is the fountainhead of realism and The Songs of Chu of romanticism. Later Chinese literature was extended and developed based on these two creation modes.

  《诗经》是现实主义的先驱，《楚辞》是浪漫主义的先驱。后来的中国文学就是在这两种创作模式的基础上扩展和发展起来的。

¶Prose of the Pre-Qin Times

先秦散文

• The prose in the pre-Qin times includes historical prose（历史散文） and philosophical prose （诸子散文）

¶Historical Prose

• The Book of History

  《尚书》

• The Spring and Autumn Annals

  《春秋》

• Zuo’s Commentary

  《左传》

• Intrigues of The Warring States

  《战国策》

• Discourses of the States

  《国语》

¶Philosophical Prose

• undergo radical changes

  经历彻底的变革

• various schools of thought

  百家思想学派

• Confucian School

  儒家学派

• Mohist School

  墨家学派

• Taoist School

  道家学派

• Legalist School

  法家学派

• put their ideas into practice

  投入实践

• expound their theories

  宣扬理论

• Daodejing

  《道德经》

• Mozi

  《墨子》

• Mencius

  《孟子》

• Zhuangzi

  《庄子》

• The Analects of Confucius

  《论语》

¶Literature in the Han Dynasty

• hanfu and yuefu folk songs

  汉乐府民歌

• Sao-style essays

  骚体赋

• long essays

  大赋

• short essays

  小赋

• On Faults of Qin

  《过秦论》

• Records of the Grand Historian

  《史记》

• five-character lines

  五言

• reflect reality and life of working people

  反映了劳动人民的真实生活

• Southeast the Peacock Flies

  《孔雀东南飞》

• denounce feudal ethics

  谴责封建礼教

¶Literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

• the stories recording spirits and anecdotes

  志人志怪小说

• Three Caos and the “Seven Masters of the Jian’an Periods”

  三曹与建安七子

• literary figures

  文学人物

• The Sea

  《观沧海》

• A Short Song

  《短歌行》

• five-character-a-line poetry

  五言诗

• The Peach Blossom Spring

  《桃花源记》

• The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons

  《文心雕龙》

• parallel prose

  骈文

• literary criticism

  文学批评

• seek the beauty of form at the cost of meaning

  为了追求格律工整而牺牲意义

¶Tang Poetry

• The Complete Anthology of the Tang Poetry

  《全唐诗》

• Early Tang, High Tang, Middle Tang, and Late Tang

  初唐，盛唐，中唐，晚唐

• Four Literart Eminences: Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu Zhaolin

  初唐四杰：王勃、杨炯、骆宾王、卢照邻

• “Friendships across the world / make near neighbours of far horizons”

  海内存知己，天涯若比邻

• the lingering sorrow of departure

  挥之不去的离愁

• literary giants

  文学巨匠

• society enjoyed prosperity and stability

  社会繁荣安定

• Immortal of Poems → Libai

  诗仙

  • Thinking in the Silent Night

    《静夜思》

  • Hard is the Road to Shu

    《蜀道难》

  • Dreaming of Sightseeing in the Tianmu Mountains

    《梦游天姥吟留别》

• Sage of Poems→Dufu

  诗圣→杜甫

  • a poetic historical account

    诗史

  • Three Officers

    三吏

  • Three Partings

    三别

• frontier poets

  边塞诗人

• pastoral poets

  田园诗人

• The Old Charcoal Seller

  《卖炭翁》

• Song of Eternal Sorrow

  《长恨歌》

• Song of a Pipa Player

  《琵琶行》

¶Song Ci Poetry

• xiaoling

  小令

• zhongdiao

  中调

• changdiao

  长调

• The Beautiful Lady Yu

  虞美人

• Moon on the Western River

  西江月

• Butterfly Loves Flowers

  蝶恋花

• Immortals Meeting on the Magpie Bridge

  鹊桥仙

• Soft and Tuneful School

  婉约派

• Slow Slow Song

  《声声慢》

• Powerful and Free School

  豪放派

• To the Tune of Charm of a Maiden Singer: The Red Cliff

  《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》

• To the Tune of Water Melody: The Mid-Autumn Festival

  《水调歌头·明月几时有》

• To the Tune of a Riverside Town: Dreaming of His Deceased Wife

  《江城子·十年生死两茫茫》

• Song of Southern Country

  《南乡子》

• Dance of the Cavalry

  《破阵子》

¶Yuan Dramas in the Yuan Dynasty

• sanqu

  散曲

• zaju

  杂剧

• Autumn Thought by Ma Zhiyuan

  《天净沙·秋思》 马致远

• The Injustice to Dou E

  《窦娥冤》

¶Fiction in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

• huaben

  话本

• the Four Great Classical Novels

  四大名著

• Romance of the Three Kingdoms

  《三国演义》

  • chapter-by-chapter historical novel

    章回体历史小说

  • brotherhood

    义气

  • reveal the characters’ personalities

    反映人物性格

  • adhere to benevolent policies

    坚持仁政

  • inexhaustible resourcefulness

    无穷智慧

  • bravery and straightforward

    勇往无前

  • loyalty

    忠义

  • cunning

    奸诈

• Water Margin

  《水浒传》

  • the story of the rebellion of the 108 heroes at the end of the Northern Song dynasty

    北宋末年，108位英雄起义的故事

  • peasant revolts / peasant uprising

    农民起义

  • execute justice in the name of Heaven by killing the rich and relieving the poor

    杀富济贫，替天行道

• Journey to the West

  《西游记》

  • the Tang-dynasty monk, Xuanzang, overcoming 81 adversities (苦难) and defeating various monsters and demons before finally reaching India, assisted by his three disciples: the Monkey King, the Eight-Commandment Pig, and Monk Sha.

    唐僧玄奘在他的三个弟子孙悟空、八戒猪和和尚沙的帮助下，克服了八十一难，打败了各种妖怪，最终到达了印度。

  • The Monkey King Creates Havoc in Heaven

    《孙悟空大闹天宫》

  • The Eight-Commandment Pig Gets Married at Gaolaozhuang Village

    《猪八戒高老庄娶亲》

  • The Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon

    《孙悟空三打白骨精》

  • Crossing the Flaming Mountain

    《过火焰山》

• A Dream of the Red Mansions

  《红楼梦》

  • A Dream of the Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin reached the pinnacle (顶峰) of classical Chinese novels. It has long been acknowledged as the greatest novel in Chinese literature.

    曹雪芹的《红楼梦》达到了中国古典小说的顶峰。它一直被认为是中国文学中最伟大的小说。

  • the prosperity and decline of a large feudal family

    一个封建大家族的兴衰

  • the tragic love story between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu

    贾宝玉和林黛玉的悲剧爱情故事

  • The novel is really a panorama (全景画) of feudal society and has been considered an encyclopedia (百科全书) of Chinese literature.

    这部小说确实是封建社会的全景画，被认为是中国文学的百科全书。

• Strange Tales from a Scholar’s Studio

  《聊斋志异》

• The Scholars

  《儒林外史》

• worldly novels

  世情小说

• the Hundred Days Reform

  百日维新

¶Modern Literature

• the 4 May Movement

  五四运动

• Anti-Japanese War period

  抗日战争时期

• the War of Liberation

  解放战争

¶Lu Xun

• Fierce-browed, I coolly defy a thousand pointing fingers. Head-bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children.

  横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛

• A Madman’s Diary

  《狂人日记》

• Outcry

  《呐喊》

• The True Story of Ah Q

  《阿Q正传》

• Wandering

  《彷徨》

• Old Tales Retold

  《故事新编》

• Wild Grass

  《野草》

¶Ba Jin

• Trilogy of the Turbulent Currents

  激流三部曲

• Famili, Spring and Autumn

  《家》《春》《秋》

• The Border Town

  《边城》

¶Contemporary Literature

• The Song of Youth

  《青春之歌》

• Tracks in the Snowy Forest

  《林海雪原》

• The Red Sun

  《红日》

• Red Crag

  《红岩》

• misty poets

  朦胧诗人

¶Yu Hua

• Chronicle of a Blood Merchant

  《许三观卖血记》

• To Live

  《活着》

¶Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature 2012–Mo Yan

• Red Sorghum

  《红高粱》

• Big Breasts and Wide Hips

  《丰乳肥臀》

• Life and Death are Wearing Me Out

  《生死疲劳》

¶CHAPTER 3 Arts

¶Calligraphy and Painting

¶Calligraphy

• Chinese art of calligraphy

  中国书法艺术

• brush

  毛笔

• overall layout

  整体结构

• “The handwriting reveals the writer.”

  字如其人

• It was believed that the force used in writing betrayed (表露) one’s disposition (性情) and that the written characters revealed the calligrapher’s understanding of life and arts.

  人们认为，写字的力度表露出一个人的性情，所写的文字揭示了书法家对生活和艺术的理解。

• Practicing calligraphy could help a person to achieve relaxation and repel outside disturbances.

  练习书法可以帮助一个人达到放松和排斥外界的干扰。

¶Five Styles of Chinese Scripts

• the seal script

  篆书

• the official script

  隶书

• the cursive script

  草书

• the regular script

  楷书

• the running script

  行书

• unify the writing system

  统一文字

• lesser seal script

  小篆

• abstract beauty

  抽象美

• come to prominence

  出名

• big/small/medium regular script

  大楷 / 小楷 / 中楷

• running regular script

  行楷

• running cursive script

  行草

• Wang Xizhi —— “Sage of Chinese Calligraphy”

  王羲之——“书圣”

• The Preface to the Lanting Collection of Calligraphy

  《兰亭集序》

¶Four Great Regular Script Masters

楷书四大家

• Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Zhao Mengfu

  欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权、赵孟頫

• Yan’s tendon and Liu’s bone

  “颜筋柳骨”

¶Painting

• Painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy.

  书画同源

• ink-wash painting

  水墨画

• Traditional Chinese paintings are not purely paintings, They combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving to achieve an artistic unison (一致) .

  中国画不是单纯的绘画，它结合了美术、诗词、书法和篆刻，达到了艺术的一致

• figure painting

  人物画

• Wu Daozi —— Sage of Chinese Painting

  吴道子——画圣

• Zhang Zeduan —— Along the River During the Qingming Festival

  张择端——《清明上河图》

• Xu Beihong —— Galloping Horse and The Foolish Man Moving Mountains

  徐悲鸿——《奔马图》《愚公移山》

• “The excellence of a painting lies in its being alike, yet unlike. Too much likeness flatters the vulgar (俗气的) taste; too much unlikeness deceives the world.”

  画妙在似与不似之间，太似则媚俗，不似则欺世

¶Four Treasures of the Study

文房四宝

• brush, ink, paper and ink slab

  笔墨纸砚

• Hu brush, Hui ink stick, Xuan paper and Duan ink slab

  湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚

¶Traditional Operas

• Chinese opera is considered one of the three ancient forms of drama in the world, with the other two being Greek tragedy and comedy, and Indian Sanskrit opera.

  中国戏曲被认为是世界三大古代戏剧之一，另外两个是希腊悲剧和喜剧，以及印度梵语歌剧。

¶Beijing Opera

• Kunqu Opera

  昆曲

• Shaanxi Opera

  秦腔

• Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting

  唱、念、做、打

¶Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou

生、旦、净、丑

• sheng (male)

  • laosheng / xusheng (elderly men) decisive and honest

    老生 / 须生 果断、诚实

  • wusheng (military men) young generals skilled in martial arts

    武生 精通武术的年轻将领

  • wawasheng (children)

    娃娃生

• dan (female)

  • *laodan * elderly women

    老旦

  • qingyi young or middle-aged women of strong character and refined disposition

    青衣 性格刚强、气质高雅的年轻或中年女性

  • huadan agile young women with a frank and open personality

    花旦 灵活的年轻女性，性格坦率、开放

  • wudan women skilled in martial arts, including generals, heroic forest outlaws (绿林“好汉”) and fairies

    武旦 精通武术的女性，包括将军、英勇的绿林“好汉”和仙女

  • *caidan * clowns in farces (滑稽戏) and comedies

    彩旦 滑稽戏和喜剧中的小丑

  • “Four Great Dan Actor” —— Mei Lanfang, Shang Xiaoyun, Cheng Yanqiu, and Xun Huisheng

    “四大旦”——梅兰芳、尚小云、程砚秋、荀慧生

• jing (male with a painting face)

  • Jing wear colourful paint on their faces, so they are also known as hualian (花脸)

    他们的脸上涂着五颜六色的颜料，所以他们也被称为花脸。

  • zhengjing / dahualian primary face-painted role

    正净

  • fujing secondary face-painted role

    副净

  • wujing military face-painted role

    武净

  • Most Zhengjing are serious, loyal officials and generals who firmly uphold justice.

    大多数“正净”都是严肃、忠诚的官员和将军，他们坚决维护正义。

  • Fujing performers mainly move about, speaking and making postures.

    副净主要是走动，说话和摆姿势。

  • Wujing roles involve acrobatic fighting and tumbling with minimal singing and speaking.

    武净包括杂技式的打斗和翻滚，很少唱歌和说话。

• chou (clown)

  • Chou are sharp-witted, clever, humorous, honest, and kind men.

    丑是机智、聪明、幽默、诚实、善良的男性。

  • wenchou comic civilian role who speak, act, and sing

    文丑 喜剧中的平民角色，能说、能演、能唱

  • wuchou acrobatic-fighting comic role whose performance involves both speaking and acrobatic fighting.

    武丑 喜剧中的武打杂耍角色，表演内容包括说话和武打。

• Sheng, dan, jing and chou represent people from all walks of life.

  “生”、“旦”、“净”、“丑”代表着各行各业的人。

¶Facial Make-Up and Costume in Beijing Opera

京剧中的脸谱和服装

¶Color

• Red is used for loyal and upright characters; purple for loyal, brave, just, and noble characters; green for stubborn, irritable, and not easily controlled characters; yellow for fierce, brutal, and calculating characters; white for imperious and treacherous people; gold-silvered make-up for ghosts and gods. White make-up between eyes and nose is specially used for a clown.

  红色代表忠诚正直的人物; 紫色代表忠诚、勇敢、公正和高尚的品格; 绿色代表顽固、易怒、不易控制的人物; 黄色代表凶猛、残忍和精于算计的角色; 白色代表专横和奸诈的人; 金银色为鬼神妆扮。眼睛和鼻子之间的白色妆扮是专门用来扮小丑的

¶Kunqu Opera

昆曲

• Kunqu Opera is considered the mother of many other types of traditional opera.

  昆曲被认为是许多其他传统戏曲的鼻祖。

• Kunqu Opera is known for its gentle and clear vocals, beautiful and refined tunes, and dance-like stage performances.

  昆曲以其柔和清晰的嗓音、优美精致的曲调和舞蹈般的舞台表演而闻名。

• Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage

  人类口头非物质文化遗产

• The Peony Pavilion

  《牡丹亭》

• The Palace of Eternal Life

  《长恨歌》

¶Henan Opera

豫剧

• With Henan province as its origin, Henan Opera is popular mostly in the areas of the Yellow River and Huai River.

  豫剧起源于河南省，主要流行于黄河和淮河流域。

• Kao Hong

  《拷红》

• White Snake Story

  《白蛇传》

• Mu Guiying Assumes Command

  《穆桂英挂帅》

¶Sichuan Opera

川剧

• face changes

  变脸

¶Shaoxing Opera

越剧

• The soft and gentle music of this opera evokes sentimental emotions, and the acting style is likewise graceful and refined.

• The Butterfly Lovers

  《梁山伯与祝英台》

• A Dream of the Red Mansions

  《红楼梦》

• Romance of the West Chamber

  《西厢记》

• Chasing the Fish

  《追鱼》

¶Huangmei Opera

黄梅戏

• Huangmei Opera is easy to understand and learn because it uses simple words and literary traditions.

  黄梅戏很容易理解和学习，因为它使用简单的文字和文学传统。

• Huangmei actress Yan Fengying

  黄梅戏演员严凤英

• The Heavenly Maid and the Mortal

  《天仙配》

• Female Son-in-Law of the Emperor

  《女驸马》

¶Folk Performing Arts

• China has a wide variety of folk performing arts featuring, among others, acrobatics, quyi (曲艺), puppet plays (木偶戏), shadow plays (皮影戏), etc.

  中国的民间表演艺术种类繁多，其中包括杂技、曲艺、木偶戏、皮影戏等。

¶Quyi

• crosswalk

  相声

• clapper talk

  快板

• pingshu

  评书

• short play

  小品

¶crosswalk

• talking, imitation, fun-making, and sing

  说、学、逗、唱

• comic monologue

  单口相声

• comic dialogue

  对口相声

• group crosstalk

  群口相声

¶Clapper Talk

• bamboo clappers

  竹拍板

¶Pingshu

• Pingshu is a kind of storytelling, with pingshu performers adding their own commentaries to subjects and characters.

  评书是一种讲故事的方式，评书表演者评论主题和角色。

• gavel

  醒木

• folded fan

  折扇

¶Puppet Play

• In puppet plays, actors or specially-trained operators manipulate the puppets with their hands and fingers by means of sticks and strings.

  在木偶剧中，演员或受过特殊训练的操作者用手和手指通过棍子和绳子操纵木偶。

¶Traditional Music Instruments

传统乐器

¶Plucked Instruments

弦乐器

• Pipa

  琵琶

  • Ambush on All Sides

    十面埋伏

  • Spring Moonlight on the Flowers by the River

    《春江花月夜》

• Guzheng

  古筝

  • Singing on the Return of Fishing Boats

    《渔舟唱晚》

  • High Mount Flowing Water

    《高山流水》

• Erhu

  二胡

  • Two Springs Reflect the Moon

    《二泉映月》

• Sanxian

  三弦

  • used as an accompanying instrument in Kunqu Opera

    在昆曲中用作伴奏乐器

¶Percussion Instruments

打击乐器

• Drum

  鼓

• Gong

  锣

¶Wind Instruments

管乐器

• the ceremonial horn

  唢呐

  • One Hundred Birds Serenade the Phoenix

    《百鸟朝凤》

• the bamboo flute

  笛子

• the vertical bamboo flute / xiao

  箫

Part 2 Education, Science & Technology, and Sports

• China is a country which always attaches much importance to education and its education can meet the needs of Chinese people, regardless of their age, background, or choice of subjects.

  中国是一个非常重视教育的国家，中国的教育可以满足中国人的需求，无论他们的年龄，背景或选择的科目。

• With the development of Chinese education, China has made great achievements in science and technology. Besides, China has made great efforts to develop its sports so that Chinese people can enjoy physical fitness. Now traditional non-competitive sports exist side by side with modern Olympic sports in China.

  随着中国教育的发展，中国在科学技术方面取得了巨大成就。此外，中国在发展体育运动方面做出了巨大的努力，使中国人能够享受身体健康。在中国，传统非竞技体育与现代奥林匹克体育并存。

¶CHAPTER 4 Education

¶Development of Traditional Education

• Since ancient times, the traditions of teaching and education in China have been held in the highest esteem (尊敬).

  自古以来，中国的教学和教育传统一直受到最高的尊敬。

• private school

  私塾

• official institution

  官学

¶Private Schools

• Confucius devoted all his life to the private school system and instructed many students.

  孔子一生致力于私学，教导了许多学生。

¶Official Schools

• Four Books and Five Classics

  四书五经

  • Four Books

    • The Great Learning

      《大学》

    • The Doctrine of the Mean

      《中庸》

    • The Analects of Confucius

      《论语》

    • Mencius

      《孟子》

  • Five Classics

    • The Book of Songs

      《诗经》

    • The Book of History

      《尚书》

    • The Book of Rites

      《礼记》

    • The Book of Changes

      《易经》

    • The Spring and Autumn Annals

      《春秋》

¶Imperial Civil Examination System

• keju

  科举

• jinshi successful candidates in the highest imperial civil examinations

  进士 科举考试的优秀者

• zhuangyuan bangyan tanhua

  殿试前三名：状元、榜眼、探花

• Opium War

  鸦片战争

¶Present Education

现代教育

• Basic education encompasses pre-school education, primary school education and middle school education (junior middle and senior middle).

  基础教育包括学前教育、小学教育和中学教育(初中和高中)。

• moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetical developments

  德智体美发展

¶Pre-School Education

学前教育

• The main forms of China’s pre-school education are nurseries and kindergartens.

  中国学前教育的主要形式是托儿所和幼儿园。

¶Nine-Year Compulsory Education (九年义务教育)

• the Senior Middle School Entrance Examination / zhongkao

中考

• Project Hope

  希望工程

¶Senior Middle School and Secondary Vocational School

高中和中等职业学校

• liberal arts and science

  文科和理科

• the National College Entrance Examination / gaokao

  高考

¶Higher Education

• taixue

  太学

• guozijian

  国子监

• a bachelor’s degree

  学士学位

• a master’s degree

  硕士学位

• a doctoral degree

  博士学位

• key institution

  重点大学

• world-class university

  世界一流大学

¶Adult Education

成人教育

¶Special Education

特殊教育

¶Vocational Education

职业教育

¶Education for Ethnic Minority Groups

少数民族教育

¶International Exchanges and Cooperation

• international communication and cooperation in education

  国际教育交流与合作

• international academic communication and cooperation

  国际学术交流与合作

¶Other Exchanges and Programmes

¶Confucius Institute

孔子学院

• promote and disseminate Chinese culture and Chinese language education

  推广和传播中华文化和汉语教育

¶CHAPTER 5 Science & Technology

¶Ancient Science and Technology

• porcelain

  瓷器

• advanced irrigation

  先进的灌溉业

¶Four Great Inventions

• Compass

  司南

• Gunpowder

  火药

• Paper-Making

  造纸术

• Printing

  印刷术

  • block printing

    雕版印刷

  • movable type printing

    活字印刷

¶Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

中药

• acupuncture

  针灸

• massage

  按摩

• The most famous medical experts:

  • Bian Que

    扁鹊

    • four methods of diagnosis

      四诊

  • Hua Tuo

    华佗

    • mafeisan

      麻沸散

  • Zhang Zhongjing

    张仲景

    • On Diseases

      《伤寒杂病论》

  • Li Shizhen

    李时珍

    • Compendium of Materia Medica

      《本草纲目》

¶Other Impressive Ancient Inventions

• firework

  烟花

• silk

  丝绸

• Porcelain

  瓷器

• Weiqi

  围棋

¶Modern Scientific and Technological Achievements

• Westernisation Movement

  洋务运动

• Atomic Energy

  核能

• Nuclear and Hydrogen Bombs

  核弹和氢弹

• First Man-Made Satellite

  第一颗人造卫星

• Yuan Longping and Hybrid Rice

  袁隆平和杂交水稻

• Shenzhou Spacecraft and Tiangong-1

  “神舟”飞船和天宫一号

¶CHAPTER 6 Sports

• Chinese kung fu

  中国功夫

• tai chi chuan / shadow boxing

  太极拳

• nationwide physical fitness

  全民健身

¶Traditional Physical Culture

¶Sports in Ancient Times

• the men of letters

  文人墨客

• cuju

  蹴鞠

• vulgar villain

  市井流氓

¶Ethnic Minority Sports

• horsemanship

  马术

• shuttlecock kicking

  踢毽子

• tug-of-war

  拔河

• walking on stilts

  踩高跷

• yangge

  秧歌

¶Traditional Physical Activities

• martial arts

  武术

¶Distinguished Forms of Chinese Martial Arts

• Shaolin Boxing

  少林拳

• Tai Chi Chuan

  太极拳

• Qigong

  气功

¶Superstars of Modern Martial Arts

• Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan and Jet Li

  李小龙，成龙， 李连杰

¶National Physical Fitness

• Kite flying

  放风筝

• Horse racing

  赛马

• yangge

  秧歌

• Rope skipping

  跳绳

¶The Olympic Games and China

¶China’s Outstanding Competitive Sports

• Table Tennis / ping-pong

  乒乓球

• Badminton

  羽毛球

• Volleyball

  排球

• Gymnastics

  体操

• Diving

  跳水

Part 3 Folk Customs

• Characterized by diverse styles, rich cultural meanings and a long history, traditional Chinese festivals constitute an important and brilliant part of Chinese culture.

  中国传统节日风格多样，文化内涵丰富，历史悠久，是中华文化的重要组成部分。

• Cuisine in China is, in essence, an expression of Chinese festivals and daily life. It is a harmonious integration of colour, aroma, taste, and shape. A Chinese banquet always typifies Chinese culture and culinary arts that have been perfected over centuries.

  从本质上讲，中国的美食是中国节日和日常生活的表现。它是色、香、味、形的和谐统一。中国的宴会总是代表着经过几个世纪完善的中国文化和烹饪艺术。

• Ancient structure life the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, and stone-arched bridges spread across the country. Varied styles of domestic architecture have witnessed many generations’ happiness and filial piety.

  长城、紫禁城、石拱桥等古建筑遍布全国。各种风格的国内建筑见证了几代人的幸福和孝顺。

¶CHAPTER 7 Traditional Festivals

• traditional Chinese festival

  中国传统节日

• the Spring Festival

  春节

• the Lantern Festival

  元宵节

• the Qingming Festival / Clear and Bright Day

  清明节

• the Dragon Boat Festival

  端午节

• the Double Seventh Festival / China’s Valentine’s Day

  七夕节

• the Mid-Autumn Festival

  中秋节

• the Double Ninth Festival

  重阳节

¶Major Traditional Festivals

¶Spring Festival

• It falls on the first day of the first lunar month each year.

  春节是在每年农历正月的第一天。

• Spring Festival Eve

  除夕

• seven days off

  七天假期

• bring along the old and the young

  扶老携幼

• auspiciousness

  吉祥

• relatives and friends

  亲朋好友

• Spring Festival couplets written on red paper

  春联

• set off firecrackers / burn firecrackers

  放鞭炮

• regards and congratulations

  问候与祝贺

• laba porridge

  腊八粥

• date

  枣

• Preliminary Eve

  小年夜

• Sacrifices are offered to the Kitchen God.

  祭灶

• completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes

  大扫除

• traditional Chinese paper-cut

  中国传统剪纸

• poetic couplets

  对联

• get-together dinner / reunion dinner

  年夜饭

• Niangao means “higher and higher, one year after another”.

  年糕寓意为“一年一年节节高”

• bid farewell to the old and usher in the new

  辞旧迎新

• the Spring Festival Gala

  春晚

• the Chinese both at home and abroad

  海内外华人

• extend greetings to sb.

  问候某人

• solar term

  节气

• folk performance

  民俗表演

¶Lantern Festival

• The Lantern Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is closely related to the Spring Festival.

  元宵节在农历正月十五这一天庆祝，与春节密切相关。

• guess riddles pasted onto lanterns

  猜灯谜

• make ice lanterns

  做冰灯

• yuanxiao / tangyuan

  元宵 / 汤圆

¶Qingming Festival

• The Qingming Festival (or Clear and Bright Day) is a day for mourning the dead.

  清明节是哀悼逝者的节日。

¶Legend of the Festival

• The Hanshi Day (or Cold Food Day)

  寒食节

¶Activities of the Qingming Festival

• tomb sweeping

  扫墓

• set out offerings of food and paper gifts

  供奉食物和纸制礼物

• abstain from lighting fires

  不生明火

• The Qingming Festival is also known as an occasion for kite flying and playing on the swing in China.

  在中国，清明节也是放风筝和荡秋千的节日。

¶Dragon Boat Festival

• The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month and is celebrated everywhere in China.

  端午节，又称端午节，在农历五月初五，中国各地都会庆祝。

• zongzi

  粽子

• realgar wine

  雄黄酒

• wormwood

  艾蒿

• fragrant pouches

  香袋

• dragon boat racing

  龙舟赛

¶Double Seventh Festival

• The Double Seventh Festival, on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, is a traditional festival of romance.

  农历七月初七，是一个浪漫的传统节日。

• the Milky Way

  银河

• the Weaver Maid

  织女

• the Cowherd

  牛郎

¶Mid-Autumn Festival

• The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month.

  中秋节在农历八月十五。

• moon cake

  月饼

• appreciate the full and bright moon

  赏月

• I raise my head, the splendid moon I see; Then droop my head and sink to dreams of my hometown.

  举头望明月，低头思故乡

• My one wish for you, then, is long, life; And a share in this loveliness (the moon) far, far away.

  但愿人长久，千里共婵娟

¶Double Ninth Festival

• The Double Ninth Festival or Chongyang Festival is celebraeted on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month.

  重阳节实在农历九月初九庆祝的

• Senior Citizen’s Day

  老人节

¶Ethnic Minority Festivals

• Water-Splashing Festival

  泼水节

• Nadam Fair

  那达慕大会

• Torch Festival

  火把节

下面还有好多少数民族节日，都挺有意思，可惜时间不够了（指快考试了，所以先skip，后面有机会的话再补上> o <

¶Public Holidays and Traditional Festivals

• the New Year’s Day

  元旦

• May Day

  劳动节

• the National Day

  国庆节

¶CHAPTER 8 Culinary Culture

饮食文化

• eight regional cuisines

  中国八大菜系

  • Shandong Cuisine → Lucai

    鲁菜

  • Sichuan Cuisine → Chuancai

    川菜

  • Guangdong Cuisine → Yuecai

    粤菜

  • Fujian Cuisine → Mincai

    闽菜

  • Jiangsu Cuisine → Sucai

    苏菜

  • Zhejiang Cuisine → Zhecai

    浙菜

  • Anhui Cuisine → Huicai

    徽菜

  • Hunan Cuisine → Xiangcai

    湘菜

• Colour, Aroma, and Taste

  色香味

• seasonging

  调味品

• A Bite in China

  《舌尖上的中国》

• table manners

  餐桌礼仪

• “Drink first to show respect”

  先干为敬

• Chinese Chopsticks

  筷子

• Chinese Tea

  中国茶

  • gong fu tea

    功夫茶

¶CHAPTER 9 Costume & Adornment

据老师说不考，先skip

¶CHAPTER 10 Architecture

• Beijing Quadrangles

  北京四合院

• Shanxi Cave Dwellings

  窑洞

• Hakka Earth Buildings

  土楼

• Mongolian Yurts

  蒙古包

• The Stone Arch Bridge

  石拱桥

• Chinese Stone Lions

  石狮子

• Efang Palace

  阿房宫

Part 4 Tourism

• China has a large number of wonderful tourist cities, some of which have imposing imperial palaces, some are blessed with splendid natural and cultural heritages, and other boast colourful folk customs.

  中国有许多精彩的旅游城市，有的拥有雄伟的皇宫，有的拥有灿烂的自然和文化遗产，还有的拥有丰富多彩的民俗风情。

• There are many cities that were once the ancient capitals. The famous ones are Beijing, Xi’ an, Hangzhou, and Nanjing, which are well-known for their splendid buildings, cultural relics, and historic sites.

  有许多曾经是古都的城市。著名的城市有北京、西安、杭州和南京，这些城市以其辉煌的建筑、文物和历史遗迹而闻名。

• Other famous cities like Shanghai, Kunming, Guilin and Lhasa, with their distinguished features in scenery, custom or modern lifestyle, leave visitors with the feeling that they should have come earlier.

  上海、昆明、桂林、拉萨等其他著名城市以其独特的风景、风情和现代生活方式，让游客觉得应该早点来。

¶CHAPTER 11 Major Tourist Cities

• Terracotta Army of Emperor Qinshihuang

  兵马俑

• Forest of Steles

  西安碑林博物馆

• Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall

  南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆

• Forbidden City

  紫禁城 / 故宫

• Tian’anmen Square

  天安门广场

• Temple of Heaven

  天坛

• Summer Palace

  颐和园

• Great Wall

  长城

• Ming Tombs

  明十三陵

• West Lake in Hangzhou

  杭州西湖

• Lingyin Temple

  灵隐寺

• Confucius Temple

  孔庙

• The Bund

  外滩

• Oriental Pearl TV Tower

  东方明珠电视塔

• Dianchi Lake

  滇池

• Stone Forest

  石林

• Lijiang River

  漓江

• Potala Palace

  布达拉宫

¶CHAPTER 12 World Heritage Sites

• World Cultural Heritage List

  世界文化遗产名录

• Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor

  秦始皇陵

• Mogao Caves

  莫高窟

• Mount Taishan

  泰山

• Old Town of Lijiang

  丽江古城

• Mount Wuyi

  武夷山

• Longmen Grottos

  龙门石窟

• Fujian Tulou

  福建土楼

• West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou

  杭州西湖文化景观

• Five Sacred Mountains

  五岳 【泰山、华山、恒山、衡山、嵩山】

课后翻译合集